Balloon angioplasty in different fields of diseases.

Angioplasty, with or without stenting, is a non-surgical procedure used to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries due to underlying atherosclerosis. In this procedure, an inflatable catheter with a balloon tip is inserted through the skin of the extremity and the balloon is inflated as it crosses the narrowed arterial segment. Press the atherosclerotic intraluminal plaque against the arterial wall and restore the lumen diameter. As a result, it normalizes blood flow to the myocardium. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), formerly known as stent angioplasty is the treatment of choice for unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and spontaneous coronary artery perforation. Angioplasty with stent placement is currently the treatment of choice for patients with coronary artery disease such as unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI and spontaneous coronary perforation. Stent selection depends on patient tolerance to Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) with minimal risk of bleeding. Since the first coronary angioplasty in 1977, the field of percutaneous coronary intervention has developed rapidly. Celebrating its 40th anniversary, percutaneous coronary intervention has become one of the most common medical procedures in the world. Much of this progress is due to iteration and refinement of angioplasty techniques. Balloon angioplasty has been limited by unpredictable procedural outcomes due to high rates of vessel dissection and recoil and restenosis. The introduction of stents resulted in more stable early outcomes and lower restenosis rates, but early stent thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia, which cause vasoconstriction, were the main limitations. Drug-eluting stents delivering antiproliferative agents have significantly reduced restenosis rates and enabled the widespread use of percutaneous coronary intervention in more advanced and complex diseases. Fully bioabsorbable scaffolds may further improve long-term results, but have yet to achieve results comparable to conventional metallic drug-eluting stents in the first years after implantation. Advances in catheter technology did not occur in isolation and the success of percutaneous coronary intervention has also been attributed to important advances in intracoronary imaging and adjuvant drug therapy. Balloon angioplasty produced similar short-term outcomes in all age groups, with similar survival rates during the 5-year follow-up period. The incidence of restenosis increased significantly in older patients, especially those older than her 50 years. This results in a higher rate of intervention among them. Patients younger than 40 years, on the other hand, had a higher incidence of myocardial infarction during the follow-up period. Major coronary events were more common in patients aged 50 years and older. Better functional status was observed in younger patients at the end of the observation period.

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Case reports in surgery and invasive procedures